Great Britain was at the cutting edge of numerous scientific and technical fields in the late 1930s and the war years. The top scientists in the world worked on numerous projects that would have an effect on the war, in some cases decisive. Everyone remembers Alan Turing, for instance, the genius behind the Enigma decryption enterprise that some say "won World War II." Barnes Wallis, the inventor best known for creating the "skipping bomb" used during the famous Dambusters raid of May 1943, also enjoys a lasting reputation. There were several other such "boffins," but some of the most deserving quietly disappeared virtually without a trace for one reason or another. One of those, and perhaps the most deserving of all, was Alan Dower Blumlein.
Alan Blumlein weds Doreen Lane in 1933.
Pre-War Inventions
Alan Blumlein as a schoolboy.
Alan Blumlein was born in Hampstead, London on 29 June 1903. He was of German/Scottish/French ancestry, his family having emigrated from Germany before he was born. Alan got his first job at International Western Electric in 1924 after graduating from Imperial College and promptly began working on voice transmission technology. Among other things, he wrote seven scholarly articles there and invented the "Blumlein Bridge" for AC measurement. In 1929, he moved on to Columbia Graphophone Company, where he invented the moving-coil disc cutting head. This saved the company a great deal of money and became the new industry standard. Around this time, Columbia Graphophone merged with the Gramophone Company to form EMI.
Alan Blumlein demonstrating his improved recording cutter at EMI. The man with him likely is Isaac Shoenberg, his collaborator and boss at EMI.
Blumlein's most famous technological advance was stereophonic sound, which he called "binaural." The story goes that Blumlein went to an early "talkie" in 1931 with his girlfriend (and future wife) Doreen Lane and was dissatisfied with the mono sound in use. He obviously was thinking during the film, because in the end, he told Doreen that he had figured out a completely new sound system in which sound would follow actors across the screen. This led to a completely new field of invention, and within two years Blumlein was working up the first stereo discs. By 1935, Blumlein was creating the first films with stereo sound.
The Emitron television camera as used in weekly BBC broadcasts beginning in 1936.
EMI then got involved in early television technology. The United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany all were working furiously at the time on developing television, with each claiming credit for key breakthroughs. Blumlein did his part, working up the world's first "high definition" television serves (the 405-line Marconi-EMI system). He was the key worker on the Emitron television camera, which some consider the top British invention of the 20th Century. Marconi-EMI cameras began regular transmissions by the BBC on November 2, 1936, and they quickly proved superior to the competing Baird cameras. These transmissions continued until the beginning of the war. As with his previous ideas, Blumlein earned several patents in this field as well.
Blumlein and World War II
EMI pitched into the war effort by collaborating with the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), at Defford near Malvern. Sir Bernard Lovell was leading a team there that was developing ground-penetrating radar for RAF bombers to use. Since this involved radio waves, an area in which he was an expert, Blumlein joined the team. Radio waves had been used to direct bombers to their target, the Luftwaffe with its "Knickebein" (Crooked Leg) system and the British with Gee and Oboe, but bombing accuracy in this "battle of the beams" was terrible. Lovell's team was working on a radar that looked down, not forward, and could show the bomber navigators where they were in relation to the target in the dark or through clouds.
H2S radar.
Airborne radar was undergoing revolutionary changes during the early years of the war. The British and Americans were developing airborne radar for bomber and U-boat interceptions, and legend has it that the engineers working up those systems accidentally pointed the radar downward and discovered their applications for ground-oriented positioning. This type of downward-looking radar acquired the designation "H2S," though nobody is clear exactly where this came from (the "S" apparently is from "centimetric" wavelengths being used, the "S" being a deliberate misspelling for security purposes). Taffy Bowen noticed that the radar would return different signals from different objects on the ground, and Philip Dee refined this effect in 1941. On 1 January 1942, Lovell began working on this technology with Blumlein and the rest of his team under the auspices of the TRE.
Halifax V9977, the one in which Alan Blumlein perished. The blister carrying the H2S radar is visible.
From this point forward, the TRE's development of H2S radar proceeded swiftly. Blumlein and the rest of his team modified a Halifax II bomber to incorporate a blister on its ventral (underside) frame to carry the H2S. British radar research was combined in March 1942 to include both the H2S project and Air-Surface-Vessel (ASV) radar. The first experimental flight was on 23 April 1942. The same Halifax, V9977, continued to be used for further tests, but on 7 June 1942, it crashed near the village of Welsh Bicknor in Herefordshire. Blumlein and two colleagues, Cecil Oswald and Frank Blythen, both perished. Bernard Lovell quickly sent a team to pick up a top-secret cavity magnetron that survived the crash. The investigation revealed that an improperly tightened tappet nut on the starboard outer engine as the result of a special inspection just before the flight came loose and caused the engine to catch fire, which destroyed the wing and led to the crash. Such was the secrecy of the project that Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered Blumlein's death to be kept out of the press. It was not announced until years later.
An H2S radar set in use during World War II.
Alan Blumlein's Legacy
The development of the H2S radar continued despite Blumlein's tragic death. On 3 July 1942, with the project still reeling from the crash, Churchill held a meeting and gave the remaining members of the H2S team priority on resources in order to finish the project. However, work proceeded quite slowly after this point, and it was not until 30 January 1943 that the first raid using H2S (fitted into Pathfinder Stirlings and Halifaxes) was made on Hamburg. From that point forward, almost nightly raids using H2S-equipped Pathfinder bombers that would fly ahead and drop flares at the target were made. By 21 February 1943, the results were so obviously beneficial to targeting that RAF Bomber Command ordered all bombers, not just the Pathfinder squadrons, to be equipped with H2S radar. The massive raids of the summer of 1943 on Hamburg (Operation Gomorrah) by Lancaster bombers fitted with H2S radar began the devastation of German cities which continued for the next two years. Development continued throughout the war, with an X band version operating at 3 cm, and then (after the war) 1.25 cm.
Alan Blumlein.
Blumlein worked as part of a team, so it is impossible to parse out exactly what his contributions to the H2S radar project were. His team leader, Lovell, described Blumlein's loss as a "national disaster." Historian John Bromley-Davenport, Lovell's biographer, wrote:
Without Blumlein the Second World War may not have ended well.
He worked on air interception radar, making a huge contribution to the defeat of German night bombers.
It would be appropriate indeed if, in recognition of the debt it owes him, the recording industry established an Alan Blumlein foundation with the object of awarding scholarships young electronics engineers aspiring to follow in the great man’s footsteps.
Because Churchill ordered that the crash which killed Blumlein not be publicized, Blumlein simply sort of disappeared from public view. This led to wild rumors about him and his untimely demise. However, ultimately Alan Blumlein was just another war casualty, one of many unsung grunts who did his bit until the war claimed his life.
Alan Blumlein's 1931 patent application for stereo sound.
Blumlein worked at famous Abbey Road studios and implemented his audio solutions there. His work at Abbey Road, in fact, is one of the reasons it was considered the premier British recording studio by the 1960s. The Beatles recorded their studio music there along with too many other top acts to list. Paul McCartney still works there to this day when he is recording new albums. EMI became a recording powerhouse in large part due to the work of Blumlein and his colleagues, and it remains in operation as a subsidiary of Universal Music Group.
Blumlein still does not get proper recognition for his achievements, though his home at Ealing has been graced with a plaque erected in 1977 by the Greater London Council. There is talk of a film about him. Every time you turn on speakers and hear that stereo sound, though, you are enjoying the work of Alan Dower Blumlein and honoring his brilliance.
For his invention of stereo, Alan Blumlein was awarded a special individual Grammy in 2017.
This picture is of uncertain date, even of an undetermined year. It is probably 1940, but could be 1941 or even late in the war What seems clear is that this lady bore the Blitz as stoically as possible.
This page is devoted to iconic pictures of people who endured the London Blitz of World War II.
A female air raid warden hugs a girl during the Blitz.
The word "Blitz" was coined by the British media during the war from the "made-up" German word "Blitzkrieg," or Lightning War (another word not used by the Germans themselves, at least at first). The word "Blitz" was not used by the Germans themselves but was applied to the Luftwaffe's bombing campaign by the British press after the bombing campaign began. It also was adopted by the United States media, which used it during nightly reports by US correspondents in London such as Edward R. Murrow.
Children in the East End during the Blitz.
While the Battle of Britain began months earlier, the Blitz itself began on 7 September 1940. On that date, Hermann Goering, on Adolf Hitler's order, commanded his Luftflotte to begin the systematic bombing of civilian population centers. The first attack was a daylight raid on London. Prior to that, the Luftwaffe had focused on attacking British military targets. However, some bombs accidentally dropped by the Luftwaffe in late August 1940 caused a reaction by the Royal Air Force, and the situation escalated until Hitler ordered unrestricted terror bombing.
Christmas 1944 in the shelters. The "Little Blitz" of 1944-45 was in some ways more terrifying than the first Blitz, as the missiles came silently and swiftly.
The Luftwaffe suffered greatly during the Blitz, though of course not nearly as much as the innocent British civilians subjected to repeated bombing attacks. As time went on, the Luftwaffe sustained such heavy losses that it switched from daylight attacks to solely night-time raids. While this change in strategy is often considered a critical mistake that severely damaged the German war effort, the switch to night bombing amplified the agony of Londoners who now could not get enough sleep. When they emerged from their shelters in the morning, they sometimes found their homes obliterated.
A little boy saves what he can during the Blitz. Apparently, he now was an orphan.
The height of the Blitz was from September 1940 to May 1941. After that, the Luftwaffe shifted its resources to aid the German invasion of the Soviet Union. This reduced the scope of Luftwaffe raids on England. However, the Luftwaffe continued to mount nuisance raids throughout the war. When the Germans developed their missiles late in the war, another period of devastation called the "Little Blitz" began during the summer of 1944 and lasting through March 1945.
A girl in Battersea, the flag still waving during the Blitz.
Civilians generally huddled in communal shelters and the London Underground. These were not always safe, as "lucky hits" sometimes killed dozens (and sometimes hundreds) of people when their shelters collapsed in on them. There were incidents where burst water mains drowned many people sheltering in subway tunnels. However, the shelters are believed to have saved many lives.
A child saves her doll during the Blitz.
It is estimated that 150,000 people a night slept in the Underground alone. People would reserve their spots and "set up house," with tables and beds in the tunnels. Many, many more people sheltered elsewhere. Children were sent out of the city in September 1939, but many returned during the winter of 1940 because life in the countryside was lonely and there were long periods when Luftwaffe bombing slackened. This lulled people into a false sense of security. Tragically, children who returned to London from safer spaces in the countryside often became victims.
Planting a flag on one's home is the patriotic thing to do during the Blitz.
About 4% of London residents sheltered in the Underground, and another 9% stayed in public shelters. About 27% had home shelters - basements and the like. The public shelters were called Anderson shelters, and then, from 1941 on, Morrison shelters for use inside homes. About 60% of the London population simply stayed in their homes and risked being killed by the Luftwaffe bombs.
A postman does his job without complaint during the Blitz.
The government built massive shelters for officials on the outskirts of London that were not intended for public use. These still exist but are not well known (and still are not). These were used only a few times, as they were not completed until the worst Blitz danger was over. They stand as monuments to the Blitz.
An air raid warden checks in during the Blitz.
British air defenses were extremely good during the day right from the start of the Blitz. However, RAF air defenses at night were poor. The addition of the Beaufighter in 1941 only gradually improved the RAF's night fighter capability. Generally, the Luftwaffe lost only a handful of bombers each night - if that - despite intense British anti-aircraft fire against hundreds of Luftwaffe sorties. Bristol Blenheims and Boulton Paul Defiant fighters also were used against the bombers, often equipped with radar. Following a pattern on both sides, fighters that performed poorly during the day - such as the Luftwaffe's Bf 110 and the Defiants - were switched to night fighter duties with good results.
A female air raid warden celebrates a survivor during the Blitz.
The Luftwaffe dropped an estimated 45,000 short tons (41,000 tons) of bombs during the Blitz. The Blitz must be adjudged a failure for the Luftwaffe, as it never destroyed British morale as intended and at most reduced British military production without seriously crippling it. However, that is not to say it had no effect - it had a dramatic effect on the lives of ordinary people.
An air raid warden demonstrates how to shield a child during an air raid during the London Blitz.
London alone was subjected to 71 major raids (100 tons of bombs or more) during the war. There also were numerous smaller Luftwaffe raids, sometimes by lone "pirate bombers" or groups of fighter-bombers. These 71 raids alone dropped 18,291 tons of bombs on London.
Badly singed, this cat made it through the Blitz.
Casualty figures are imprecise. The Blitz killed about 41,000 people and injured about another 139,000. Both figures are estimates. Property damage, of course, was immense, and many areas of London were cleared of debris and used as Victory Gardens.
A milkman makes his rounds whilst firemen work on fires behind him during the Blitz.
The Blitz conclusively disproved a favorite theory of air strategists during the 1930s, that "terror bombing" would destroy enemy morale. In fact, terror bombing never seriously affected morale on either side and in fact is seen by some as strengthening the will to continue fighting against the enemy raining death and destruction down upon them every night. Still, it is a point that nobody wished to have to prove.
This poster wasn't actually used - it was intended to be distributed only if the Germans invaded England. However, it has come to symbolize the grit showed by the English during the Blitz.
