A Revolutionary Jet Bomber

Junkers Ju 287.

The Junkers Ju 287 bomber was another final-year jet aircraft project by the Luftwaffe that ran out of time. It is another tale of wasted opportunity, but also a tale of a design that was quite literally decades ahead of its time.


Work began in 1943. There were three prototypes under assembly before the war ended, and only the first one flew for the Germans. The task was to develop a fast bomber that could, for instance, hit the invasion beaches without fear of fighter interception. Head designer Dr. Hans Wocke proposed the revolutionary forward-swept wing shape in order to solve certain stability problems, such as placement of the bomb load in a single location and to provide extra lift at slow airspeeds present at landing and takeoff. The concept was under consideration in Russia and the United States, but only in Germany was it considered for jet aircraft.


The first prototype flew on 16 August 1944. It was assembled from spare parts of other aircraft such as the Heinkel 177 simply to test the aerodynamics. It had four jet engines, perhaps the first plane to have four. The craft flew well for the most part, but test pilot Siegfried Holzbaur noticed too much wing warping. By this time, the Luftwaffe High Command (Reichsluftfahrtministerium or "RLM") had given absolute priority to jet fighter designs, so all bomber projects were canceled. However, as was often the case in the Third Reich, the factory continued working on the project anyway.


The first (V1) prototype continued on 17 test flights without crashing, but they all must have been at slow speed. The test pilot found the plane to be very maneuverable. In light of the failures of other cutting edge projects, that was not a bad introduction, and the flights enabled some sorting out of jet engine issues and the like. Ultimately, though, testing was shelved until March 1945, when work suddenly resumed for some reason.


At this point the next two prototypes, which were in the form of the actual design rather than just makeshift parts, neared completion. It was, however, all a dead end, because post-war tests showed that the materials in existence could not have supported the spars at jet engine speeds. It was a straightforward matter of mass versus strength, and the materials at the time simply were not strong enough.

Three views of the Junkers Ju 287. The main problem was that the wings were swept too far forward for the materials at hand to support. A much smaller sweep might have worked.

The project would have had to have been canceled by the Germans as impractical after further development in 1945 if the war had continued - for how could it possibly fly for the Germans when the post-war Americans and the Soviets could not come up with strong enough materials? The whole project shows the danger of trying to leap too far ahead in your designs. After extensive work, Wocke might have come up with a workable design that vastly reduced the amount of the forward sweep in the wings, which might then have eliminated the problem, but that would have required a major redesign that would have taken years to implement - a quest even the Russians decided was a waste of time.


The RLM finally had seen the true revolutionary qualities of the jet class of warplanes, but it was far too late, and in any event, this was the wrong design. The war ended the following month with only one of the two remaining prototypes at 80% completion and the other just begun. The Soviets captured the prototype planes at Leipzig in Czechoslovakia and took them back to study, along with Dr. Wocke and his staff, but little came of it (perhaps because the German designers were not enthusiastic communists and did not have their hearts in it, or because of the materials problem). Dr. Wocke was allowed to return to East Germany in 1954, thence escaping to West Germany. He continued his development of the forward-swept wing concept and produced numerous slow-speed variants that flew well for businessmen. Even he, though, could not have made a high-speed jet work without the necessary materials.

The Ju 287 has an uncanny resemblance at this angle to much later bombers with multiple jet engines. It may not have been able to fly at high speeds, but it was beautiful.

It turned out that, once again, the German designers were decades ahead of their time, as with the Horten Brothers' stealth fighter, the HO-229. In fact, the Ju 287 may still be ahead of its time to this day, and it probably was the most advanced German design to actually fly (perhaps sharing that distinction with the Horten, inarguably a technological breakthrough on several fronts).

The V-2 prototype nearing completion.

Was it a Crazy Idea?

Well, you look at that crazy bomber and immediately think, "Those stupid Germans, no wonder they lost the war, wasting their time on fool's errands like that!"

In answer to that statement, well, maybe yes, maybe no. Certainly, the Ju-287 did not help the Germans to stave off defeat. They wasted a lot of time and effort on its development, just as they did on many other advanced designs.

As usual for those who read my blog, there is a 'the rest of the story' to this tale.
The USAF didn't think it was such a stupid idea - decades later - when they also tried it out.

Only with the development of composite materials of great strength thirty years after the war were the forward-swept wing-warping (aeroelastic bending) problems observed at high speeds during the very first German test flights overcome.

Also, new technologies enabled jets to be dynamically unstable but flown with heavy computer assistance. Since then, the Americans (with the Grumman X-29) and the Russians (the Sukhoi Su-47) have experimented with the concept, but development has not proceeded.

If the major powers in the 1980s and 1990s had required a highly agile fighter, the forward-swept wing design could have been finalized. They soon turned in other directions - we think.

The X-29, the heir of the Ju-287, a NASA demonstration aircraft of the 1990s.

2019

Japan Commits Harikiri at Pearl Harbor

A Japanese bomber, its diving flaps down, was photographed by a U.S. Navy photographer as the plane approached its Pearl Harbor objective on December 7.

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 was the most unnecessary and fateful military action in modern military history. By bringing the United States into the war, it incited an unconquerable foe of the Axis powers and sealed their fate. Japan had become more and more warlike during the 1930s. It made no bones about this, and appeared to be anticipating, if not outright savoring, an attack upon the United States throughout that period.

Japan was on the march long before Pearl Harbor

The below anime, "Evil Mickey Attacks Japan," apparently was made by the Japanese in 1934 and projected war between the two countries in 1936.


Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and continued its expansion into China for the remainder of the decade, with the war officially declared in 1937. While Japan earned scorn from the rest of the world for the brutality of its army, the Western powers remained aloof except for one instance: an undeclared border war between Japan and the Soviet Union. Having taken possession of Manchuria, the Japanese military decided to continue north into the Soviet Union. They attemped at the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and the battles along the Khalkin Gol River to do this through their puppet state Manchukuo. The Soviets controlled Mongolia. The whole conflict arose over a dispute of less than ten miles about the precise location of the border between the two puppet states.

Japanese infantry on the march at Nomonhan, Manchua, 1939.

On 11 May 1939, Mongolian units entered the disputed area, and Manchukuoan troops responded. The Mongolians returned in force a couple of days later. The Japanese then sent some more troops, and the Mongolians retreated. The Mongolians returned in larger force, and a battle took place on 28 May which wiped out the Japanese force. After that, the undeclared war was on. Soviet Comcor Georgy Zhukov arrived on 5 June 1939.

"It appears that to all practical purposes negotiations with Japan have failed" and "surprise aggressive action at any moment is possible" and "It is desired that Japan commit the first overt act." This cold-blooded document urges military preparedness for hostility from Japan, 28 November 1941. This document was sent two days after Kido Butai sailed, and almost two weeks before the attack. All the prescribed measures were implemented, but also that nobody thought the Japanese could possibly mount an air attack. There is not a word in it about air defense.

The local Japanese forces acted without orders from Japan and attacked again. Zhukov gathered his forces and encircled the Japanese, winning the battle by 31 August 1939. A cease-fire was signed in Moscow, and the Japanese stopped looking north for easy conquests.

Midget Japanese submarine beached at Bellows Field, Hawaii, after the attack on Pearl Harbor of Dec. 7, 1941. photo and caption credit - National Archives and Records Administration Public Domain Photographs.

Headquarters in Japan instead turned south. Knowing that the British and the Dutch, who were the main European powers in the Pacific, were preoccupied with their ally Germany, they saw Indonesia and Singapore as easy pickings.


US President Franklin Roosevelt and Congress had been imposing sanctions on Japan in order to induce them to leave Vichy French Indo-China (China apparently being of less concern for some reason). The politics of that era were odd, to say the least.

Uncle Sam blocking the flow of an oil pump to a Japanese tank. The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 after Japan invaded French Indochina. Cartoon by Willard Wetmore Combes.

This seriously affected Japanese oil supplies, so they decided to fight the Americans as well.

Japanese bombers taking off from the Japanese carrier fleet to bomb Pearl Harbor.

After extensive preparation and espionage on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, which was in plain view from nearby hills, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent a six-carrier fleet ("Kido Butai") under Admiral Chuichi Nagumo to Hawaii by a northern route far away from normal trade traffic.

80-G-182252: Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941. A Japanese Navy "Zero" fighter (tail code A1-108) takes off from the aircraft carrier Akagi, on its way to attack Pearl Harbor during the morning of 7 December 1941. Official U.S. Navy Photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives..

They left on 26 November 1941, and while they proceeded eastward the Japanese diplomats continued to negotiate.

The attack on Pearl Harbor - Caption: "West of Waikiki Beach, fashionable playground for this Pacific Paradise, Japan's first attacking bombers swept without warning from the western Pacific." LIFE, Dec. 15, 1941. Those actually look like the six American B-17s with some fighter escorts, or the photograph was not taken on 7 December 7, 1941, at all, but I may be wrong. One thing seems certain, they do not look like Japanese carrier bombers, which did not come in from the south anyway.

A declaration of war was prepared, but the military leaders (aside from Yamamoto, who had been to the United States and knew its power) did not really want to tell the U.S. about Japanese intentions until after the attack. In the event, for a variety of reasons, an ambiguous declaration of war was not delivered until shortly afterward. The attack, of course, was not ambiguous at all.

December 7, 1941: Eight miles from Pearl Harbor, shrapnel from a Japanese bomb riddled this car and killed three civilians in the attack. Two of the victims can be seen in the front seat. The Navy reported there was no nearby military objective..

After parking off the north coast of Oahu and not hearing any kind of recall signal (he himself operating under complete radio silence), Admiral Nagumo sent in the first wave of 183 aircraft, led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida. It was one of the fateful moves in world history, and also one of the most counter-productive and self-destructive.

Commander Fuchida. He coordinated the attack from his plane and took pictures of Pearl Harbor as it blew up. He also was involved in the Japanese investigation of Hiroshima four years later and ultimately regretted his participation in the war.

The first wave targeted battleships and aircraft carriers. In the event, the US carriers were out to sea south of Oahu and none were involved in the attack aside from a few of their fleet aircraft that arrived over Oahu late in the affair. There were, however, many battleships and smaller ships tied up along Ford Island at Pearl Harbor in "battleship row." The Japanese pounced.

Battleship row is clearly visible in this shot, with Ford Island behind the ships.

The U.S. military had a primitive SCR-270 radar set up at Opana Point. It detected the Japanese planes with some clarity, but the system was still in training mode and regarded as little more than a toy. The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr., and Joseph Lockard called headquarters about the unexpected radar signal to the north, but their inexperienced commander, Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler, disregarded it. He knew that a flight of six B-17 bombers was due from the mainland right about then and within a few degrees of where the privates spotted the radar signal, so, when the two privates did not tell Tyler how many planes they saw, he figured it was the scheduled bombers and did not pass along a warning. He was wrong.

A Japanese torpedo bomber fished out of the mud of Pearl Harbor. This gives a great idea of how big the planes were.

Tyler was later cleared of any wrong-doing and served with honor until 1961. He had been given a unique opportunity to affect the course of world history - and blew it. Or, looking at it another way, Tyler did affect world history - but not quite in the way he might have liked at the time. That must have been an awful burden to carry, but there were many to blame for the steady march by the United States into World War II. Tyler passed away in 2010.

Aerial photograph, taken by a Japanese pilot (perhaps Fuchida), of the attack on Pearl Harbor, a Japanese bomber in the lower-right foreground. That appears to be taken from the north side of Ford Island, with Battleship Row on the other side.

The Japanese strike force swept in from the north and shot down some U.S. planes, including a low-flying tourist plane. Warnings of strange submarines around the harbor entrance had been received all morning, but aside from sending some ships out to look for them, these warnings were not taken to mean much.

Ford Island burning.

The bombers arrived at 7:48 a.m. local time, which to them - the task force having maintained Japanese time throughout the journey - was equivalent to 3:18 a.m.

View from Pier 1010, note the capsized ship in the foreground.

The first attacks were against Kaneohe, led in by the slow torpedo bombers carrying specially designed shallow-running torpedoes. Dive bombers peeled off and strafed airfields Hickham Field and Wheeler Field.

A Navy photographer captures the explosion of USS Shaw, 7 December 1941.

The anti-aircraft fire did down a few of the Japanese planes - if ammunition could be found for all the guns on the ships, the concentrated antiaircraft firepower could have claimed a lot more.

There are many remnants of the attack left in various parts of Hawaii. This is a recently photographed Catalina PBY-5. It is located at 30 feet below the surface in Kaneohe Bay next to a Marine Corps base, about 20 miles east of Pearl Harbor on the other side of Oahu. The plane may have been attempting to take off to track the attackers when it was destroyed. This is the bow section of the plane, showing the anchor, with the cockpit to the upper right.

Part of the lore of Pearl Harbor, though, is that it was locked away pursuant to peacetime regulations. In addition, the average sailor had little experience actually shooting anyone down, and simple procedural things such as leading a moving plane usually took more than a few surprised minutes to learn.

A Japanese dive bomber goes into its last dive as it heads toward the ground in flames after it was hit by Naval anti-aircraft fire during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941. It appears he still had flight control - at this moment he may have been aiming for a target on this final dive, that did happen during the attack. (AP Photo)

A few American P-40 Warhawks and P-36 Hawks got airborne, but most were destroyed on the ground. They had been parked tightly together for fear of sabotage and thus made easy targets. The large flying boats made easy targets.

With the fires raging nearby, sailors try to turn a PBY-5 Catalina patrol bomber to get it airborne. Most of them were bombed and strafed before they could escape.

A few of the American ships were able to get under way, but most were sitting quietly at their moorings throughout the attack.

Smoke pouring from the U.S. California. The ship in the center appears to be picking up survivors.

The second wave of 171 planes went in shortly afterward. Most of the planes attacked the battleships again, with one of the three groups again hitting the airfields and Kaneohe. A third wave was planned, but Admiral Nagumo decided, based on reports from his pilots, that it was pointless and canceled it.

Anti-aircraft bursts and burning battleship Arizona dominate this dramatic shot of the Pearl Harbor attack on 7 December 1941.

Among other things, several more of his planes had been shot down during the second wave than during the first, and he was beginning to feel nervous about a counter-strike. By canceling the third strike, he left intact huge fuel storage tanks that formed the basis of the U.S. recovery in the years ahead.


According to American Admiral Chester Nimitz, later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, this oversight enabled a quick U.S. recovery and shortened the war by two years. However, Nagumo had accomplished his objective, and he figured there was no reason to take any more risks. An invasion, which some Japanese officers had recommended, was really the proper follow-on, but that was never in the plan.

A pre-war shot of the U.S.S. Arizona in the East River of New York, approaching the Brooklyn Navy Yard.

The most famous ship sunk by the Japanese attack was the U.S.S. Arizona. Battleship Arizona was a modified World War I-era superdreadnought of the Pennsylvania class. After a torpedo hit it, the ship was ablaze but afloat. Several more bombs hit it without too much impact. However, one bomb (actually a modified 410-mm (16.1-inch) armor-piercing shell) fell on its forward magazine and blew everything up. This killed 1,177 of the 1,512 crewmen on board at the time, half of the total 2,403 killed (and 68 civilians). A memorial now stands over the carcass of the ship, which was stripped of armament and other salvageable items during the war.

Hawaii, Oahu, Pearl Harbor, Aerial view of the USS Arizona Memorial and USS Missouri. Ford Island is to the left, Honolulu off to the right.

For the cost of 29 aircraft, 5 midget submarines and 64 men killed, the Japanese sank 4 battleships (2 later recovered), damaged 3 other battleships and forced one to ground, and destroyed 188 U.S. aircraft (almost all on the ground). The American military lost 2,403 killed and 1,178 wounded.

Pearl Harbor after the attack. It took several years to clean up the wreckage.

Numerous smaller American ships were sunk or damaged, and there was extensive damage to airfields and other shore-based installations. However, the port was back in operation immediately after the attack.

An early headline and summary.

First reports of the attack were, as usual, only partially correct. As the above headline shows, the only things the newsmen got right was that Japan had attacked Hawaii. Otherwise, the vast majority of everything else in bold letters was either absolutely or partially incorrect, right down to the supposed occupation of Wake Island, which held out for another two weeks.

Newsroom in Washington, D.C. running for the telephones after being briefed on the strike.

A state of war existed from the moment of the Japanese attack, but President Roosevelt did not declare war until the next day, December 8, 1941. He gave a speech which is known as the "day of infamy" speech, with the word "infamy" penciled in by his own hand in place of the much less evocative "world history."

The final draft of the most famous speech of the 20th Century.

The verdict of history is that the attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor was a tragic, pointless mistake and criminal act. It brought the United States into the war when that might not have happened otherwise. The Japanese were under no compulsion to attack anyone at all, much less the United States, Great Britain (at Hong Kong), and the Dutch (who still had a large fleet in the Pacific under Admiral Doorman) all at once. It was a case of fatal overconfidence. Doing so sealed the fate of the Axis powers and led to their destruction in less than four years.

Headlines in newspapers (here, in San Francisco on 8 December) were full of scary yarns calculated to scare and excite people - but without an ounce of truth. Similar baseless stories circulated after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks.

One final point is worth making: the U.S. Navy ships sunk were old and, by contemporary standards, virtually obsolete as strategic weapons. The World War II war at sea was dominated by aircraft carriers. Battleships, while extremely handy at times, did not determine the outcome and themselves were vulnerable to air and submarine attack. They would have been of little value until two years later, when U.S. air power was dominant and the Allies were invading island after island, giving the battleships' big guns some marginal usefulness in softening up the landing beaches and providing anti-aircraft support. By then, some battleships had been salvaged from the Pearl Harbor mud and could participate anyway. In addition, the numerous American planes shot down and demolished on the ground were older types soon to be replaced regardless of their destruction, and bombed shore facilities, by and large, were quickly replaced. Even giving them the benefit of all doubt, the Japanese accomplished next to nothing by attacking Pearl Harbor, killing all those people and thereby ensuring their own later annihilation.


But they did unite an entire continent against them. So they had that going for them.

                                                               

Color Shots of the Pearl Harbor Attack

The vivid color photographs below were taken from various sources, many of them are stills from color footage while others are kodachrome photographs. They show the thick black choking smoke and the raging fires which took hold of ships and shore installations.

The photographs show the hangers of the US Naval Air Station at Wheeler Field ablaze with wrecked aircraft strewn across the runway and the flames from USS Arizona. There are desperate efforts of sailors to quell fires and escape stricken vessels, rescue attempts, and guys in the water. Some of the details, of course, can be difficult to see.

It is tempting to believe that these have been colorized recently. However, there was plenty of color film available in 1941. My understanding is that these are original color, not something added later, but no guarantees. Some of these shots are familiar in black and white from numerous reproductions in non-color publications, but they take on a whole other resonance in color.

TIMELINE OF 7 December 1941 PEARL HARBOR ATTACK

November 26, 1941, a Japanese strike force, code name Kido Butai, departs Japan for Hawaii, with orders to attack Pearl Harbor and to maintain radio silence. It takes a northerly route not used by merchant ships to avoid detection.

Saturday, December 6, Washington DC: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt makes a final appeal to the Emperor of Japan for peace. There is no reply. Late this same day, the U.S. code-breaking service begins intercepting a 14-part Japanese message and deciphers the first 13 parts, passing them on to the President and Secretary of State. The Americans believe a Japanese attack is imminent, most likely somewhere in Southeast Asia.

Sunday, December 7, Washington DC: The last, 14th part of the Japanese message, stating that diplomatic relations with the U.S. are to be broken off, reaches Washington in the morning and is decoded at approximately 9 a.m. About an hour later, another Japanese message is intercepted. It instructs the Japanese embassy to deliver the previous message to the Americans at 1 p.m. The Americans realize this time corresponds with early morning time in Pearl Harbor, which is several hours behind. The War Department then sends out an alert but uses a commercial telegraph because radio contact with Hawaii is temporarily broken. Delays prevent the alert from arriving at headquarters in Oahu until noontime (Hawaii time), four hours after the attack has already begun.

Islands of Hawaii, near Oahu, first light: The Japanese attack force under the command of Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, consisting of six carriers with 423 planes, is about to attack. At 6 a.m., the first attack wave of 183 Japanese planes takes off from the carriers located 230 miles north of Oahu and heads for the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. United States Naval patrols identify 'suspicious' craft - the Japanese have sent midget submarines in for observation purposes - near the harbor entrance, but treat it as a fairly normal incident.

Pearl Harbor, 7:02AM: Two Army operators at Oahu’s northern shore radar station detect the Japanese air attack approaching and contact junior officer Kermit Tyler, who disregards their reports, thinking they are American B-17 planes which are expected in from the U.S. west coast.

Near Oahu, 7:15AM: A second attack wave of 167 planes takes off from the Japanese carriers and heads for Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor is not on a state on high alert. Senior commanders have concluded, based on available intelligence, there is no reason to believe an attack is imminent. Aircraft are therefore left parked wingtip to wingtip on airfields, anti-aircraft guns are unmanned with many ammunition boxes kept locked in accordance with peacetime regulations. And since it is Sunday morning, many officers and crewmen are leisurely ashore or still asleep in their bunks.

7:53AM: The first Japanese assault wave, with 51 ‘Val’ dive bombers, 40 ‘Kate’ torpedo bombers, 50 high-level bombers, and 43 ‘Zero’ fighters, commences the attack.

The first attack wave targets airfields and battleships; The second wave targets secondary ships and shipyard facilities. The air raid lasts until 9:45 a.m. Eight battleships are damaged, with five sunk. Three light cruisers, three destroyers and three smaller vessels are lost along with 188 aircraft. The Japanese lose 27 planes and five midget submarines which had attempted to penetrate the inner harbor.

Despite this apparent success, the prime targets—Pacific Fleet aircraft carriers Lexington, Enterprise, and Saratoga—escape damage, along with the base fuel tanks. After recovering all surviving aircraft, Admiral Nagumo decides that launching a third attack wave is not worth the risk and likely casualties and heads west.

The casualty list for the US includes 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed, with 1178 wounded. Included in that tally are the 1,104 men aboard the battleship USS Arizona who were killed after a 1760-pound air bomb penetrated the forward magazine, causing catastrophic explosions. If the men weren’t dead from the explosions, they suffocate slowly under the water.

In Washington: Various delays prevent the Japanese diplomats from presenting their war message to Secretary of State, Cordell Hull until 2:30 p.m. Washington time. At the same point in time, Hull has just begun to read the first reports on the air raid at Pearl Harbor.

Monday, December 8: The United States and Britain declare war on Japan.

Thursday, December 11: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States, uniting the European and Southeast Asian wars into one gigantic global conflict. The US immediately responds with pro forma declarations of war.

Salvage operations began quickly. Salvagers here were recovering anything that could be re-used elsewhere from turrets 3 and 4 on the USS Arizona. It’s dry well below the waterline inside turret 3 because of the pumps. Most likely this was extremely dirty and gruesome work.

2019